THE EVOLUTION OF THE SURPLUS AND DEFICIT IN THE GENERAL BUDGET OF ALGERIA, SAUDI ARABIA AND IRAQ FOR THE PERIOD 2004-2021

Abstract

The general budget is among the important tools that can be relied upon to draw the contours of fiscal policy and direct it in a direction that achieves the general objectives of the national economy. These countries have large financial returns, as a result of the development of the volume of public expenditures on the one hand and the fluctuation of public revenues on the other hand, in addition to that, the dependence of the budgets of these countries on oil revenues has earned them a state of instability as a result of the fluctuation of global oil prices and thus the fluctuation of oil revenues in light of the deterioration in oil revenues. Non-oil revenues, especially taxes, due to the weak efficiency of the tax system, the large number of exemptions and tax evasion, and the continuous increase in public expenditures and wasteful ones, and the failure to activate and apply the rules of fiscal policy and financial control, was the main reason for the exacerbation of the deficit in the general budget in these countries, especially Iraq.